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Headline inflation decelerated in May to 2.14 per cent from a month earlier, slowing from 2.29 per cent in April and 3.02 per cent in March, according to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The monthly rate has declined from as high as 3.12 per cent in February. Reflecting a slowdown in price increases for essential goods, food inflation also fell for a third consecutive month to 2.28 per cent in May, from 2.50 per cent in April, and as much as 3.79 per cent in February, the NBS data show.

Inflation typically occurs when demand outpaces supply, often as a result of an excess of money circulating in the economy. To address this, the central bank raises the benchmark interest rate, aiming to reduce inflation by tightening the money supply. Higher interest rates increase the cost of credit, discouraging borrowing and spending. Savings and investing in government securities become more appealing as higher returns are offered. All these lead to reduced spending by individuals and businesses; thereby decreasing the amount of money in circulation and helping to curb inflation.